Imaginative landscape Essay Example for Free

Creative scene Essay Melbourne is the unified countries of Australia, the ethnic mosaic that goes about as a terminal between different universes. Growing from the core of the city, Russel Street flaunts Greek bars neighboring Italian pizza joints sandwiched between sushi bars. Diverting left from Russel Street we arrive at another entryway at the terminal, little burke road as though a cut of China had been removed and planted right in the center of Melbourne city. We have social performances where the drums of Africa and the didgeridoos of the indigenous channel into the roads, a melodic agreement that gladly shows our ethnic decent variety Visiting Federation Square during the Indian food and wine affair, the orange, green and white banner was raised high while the smell of coriander and cardamom filled the air. Rising up out of the shadows of the roads a wrinkled and denied older man wearing a bindii on his brow moved toward a youthful high school young lady tasting on a major bowl of yellow curry. Arguing for any extra change, the adolescent young lady essentially pivots and murmurs softly, â€Å"dirty taxi drivers†. The confusion of that image will consistently be scratched into my brain. This high school young lady holds knowledge into the overwhelming truth of our age. Our recreational enthusiasm for societies acts just as a cover to take cover behind when blamed for racial bad form. This food and wine attitude has developed the scandalous â€Å"I’m not supremacist I have a dark best friend† to the now progressively normal â€Å"I’m not bigot I love Japanese hand rolls†. We are starting to devour societies similarly as we expend items. With a narrow minded and pompous plan, we plunge into multiculturalism on a shallow level. On the off chance that we are ever going to handle this racial separation, we should burrow further than concerts and miso soups and create a certified regard for their people’s advantages. This year we have had a truly a standing up to and crude understanding into Australia’s racial narrow mindedness checking you don’t need to burrow profound to reveal the underbelly of prejudice in this nation. In March, a youthful 13-year-old young lady was investigated and rebuked for calling native player Adam Goodes a â€Å"ape† at any game, however the dreamtime native compromise game-the incongruity is tragicomical. Regardless of how much attempt to make this young lady punishable for her activities; she is unfortunately only a result of ages of shrouded bigotry in this country†¦and it’s time we point the finger of fault toâ the reflect. We hear it all the time in the city, with our companions and it once in a while sneaks out while we are with our families. The â€Å"joke† as we attempt and spread it up , the â€Å"joke† that was innocuous fun and was not significance to insult. Be that as it may, in Cronulla 2005, these jokes immediately turned into the vehicle for 26 wounds and 42 captures in what might be known as one of Australia’s most exceedingly terrible racial driven mobs. More than 5000 local people combined to challenge ongoing assaults by Lebanese packs. These fights before long become a cleanse for local people to release their internal bigotry. SMSs, for example, Just an update that Cronullas first wog slamming day is still on this Sunday† flowed around the town, accepting to have impelled the groups. Our social concerts and ethnic festivals will tragically no longer hide this monstrous imperfection with which Australia appears to have broken out. Last November regarded Aboriginal pioneer and previous Labor competitor Tauto Sansbury left the ALP since he lost confidence in the gathering, which he says is pompous of indigenous undertakings and has in it a major component of bigotry. Consistently diverting activities Sansbury challenges that the â€Å"ALP just give empty talk to the Aboriginal community†. We can no longer boldly grandstand our social occasions without at the same time supporting them in secret. Anyway with each new issue, regardless of how troublesome, comes an answer. Possibly Rachel Perkins had it directly with her melodic show that portrays native tracker, Albert endeavoring to help a hesitant white family in finding their little girl, Emily. Perkins utilizes Emily as the image for virtue, going through the blossoms and honestly waving at Albert’s family. Be that as it may, with a family like the Ryan’s there is no uncertainty Emily would have grown up to be much the same as the multi year old young lady at the dreamtime coordinate. Perkins underscores the adoration and energy of kids, demonstrating to our age that they are our possibly trust on the off chance that we are to sustain a genuinely open minded nation. We can no longer depend on our celebrations and common terminals to help us through racial correspondence. We should effectively have resistance and a general enthusiasm for the necessities of our Australian people group. We have multi year old’s calling Adam Goodes a primate, and national big names making supremacist jokes on air. What's more, regardless of how frequently McGuire argues it was a â€Å"slip ofâ the tongue† I’m hesitant to state that this ‘slip’ has gotten an endemic in Australian culture.

Transactional and Transformational Leadership

Harry works in a coal mineshaft research center. Toward the beginning of each move, Harry checks the exercise manual which his director finishes, where clear guidelines are offered with respect to what errand is required. For the most part each undertaking recorded is the equivalent each move, and each errand has a composed methodology that must be followed so as to fulfill Quality Assurance Guidelines. Toward the finish of each move, Harry finishes his work day report which is commonly the equivalent as well. Harry has worked here for a long time under a similar chief. He knows the work isn’t animating yet it pays well.The administrator is consistently content with Harry on the grounds that he finishes the errands that are set, and never goes amiss based on what is normal. Harry’s boss is a value-based pioneer †a standard supporter who likes systems without any deviations and expects just those written in the exercise manual. Carly is another worker at the researc h facility. Toward the beginning of each move she also checks the exercise manual with the expectation that possibly something new or in opposition to the standard has been composed. Most days she will search for a bonus to do yet is regularly condemned for accomplishing something that the following movement would do.Carly hates the director, wishing the manager offered more. Carly dreams of an administrator who is inspirational, empowering, one who acknowledges a worker who goes well beyond what is required and would acknowledge proposed enhancements to age old techniques. Carly dreams of a transformational pioneer to give motivation, appeal, vision and elevate wise intuition to an in any case commonplace managed work environment. So what is value-based and transformational initiative and what can be normal from each style?The value-based pioneer works with the present social workplace inside their association, observing existing guidelines, methodology, anticipated results and wor king standards (Lindgreen, An et al. 2009). They have a trade relationship (Erkutlu 2008) with their adherents/subordinates/representatives, where direction and inspiration is given to ‘their devotees toward built up objectives by explaining job and undertaking requirements’ (Robbins et al. 2011, p. 342). It can appear as unforeseen prize, the executives by exemption (dynamic and latent) and free enterprise (Xirasagar 2008).Contingent prize alludes to a trade of remunerations (regardless of whether verbal or unmistakable) for exertion and great execution (Xirasagar 2008). The board by exemption (dynamic) is making remedial move when a devotee digresses from set up rules and principles (Robbins et al. 2011). The executives by special case (aloof) is intercession taken by the value-based pioneer ‘only if norms are not met’ (Robbins et al. 2011, p. 342). A value-based pioneer of free enterprise character is one who ‘abdicates responsibility’ and à ¢â‚¬Ëœavoids making decisions’ (Robbins et al. 2011, p. 342).As value-based initiative spotlights on built up standards and conventions, and ‘results in expected outcomes’ (Erkutlu 2008, p. 711), supporters won't expand themselves by going ‘above and past the call of duty’ (Robbins et al. 2011, p. 343). In examination, the transformational pioneer is ‘capable of having a significant and phenomenal impact on followers’ (Robbins et al. 2011, p. 342) through their charming, visionary, uplifting, mentally animating attributes and their anxiety for their adherents (Erkutlu 2008). They can rouse their supporters to transcend their own self-interests.Transformational authority comprises of four sub-develops (individualized thought, scholarly incitement, uplifting inspiration, romanticized impact) which transformational pioneers can use to summon conduct of adherents that surpasses desires ‘for the purpose of the organisation’ (Robb ins et al. 2011, p. 343). Individualized thought is shown to the devotee by ‘giving individual attention’ (Robbins et al. 2011, p. 342) to their improvement needs, backing and instructing (Erkutlu 2008). Scholarly incitement ‘promotes knowledge, reasonability and cautious issue solving’ (Robbins et al. 2011, p. 342).Transformational pioneers can show romanticized impact by giving vision and a feeling of crucial, pride and picking up regard and trust (Robbins et al. 2011) alongside helpful inspiration by imparting ‘high expectations’ (Robbins et al. 2011, p. 342). Albeit a qualification between the two could be classified as a distinction in administration adaptability, Robbins et al. (2011) keeps up that every administration style doesn't really contradict the other; rather transformational initiative expands upon value-based authority where levels of adherent exertion and execution surpass that of value-based initiative alone.However each styl e of authority has its own individual qualities and shortcomings. Transformational initiative gives off an impression of being proclaimed as the prevalent administration style; in spite of the fact that value-based authority has its qualities. As ‘transactional initiative outcomes in expected outcomes’ (Erkutlu 2008, p. 711), it is viable in associations where the ideal result is estimated against ‘clear and exact money related measures, for example, incomes per client portion or the dollar volume of cross-selling’ (Lindgreen et al.2009, p. 26).Research led by Liu et al. (2011) has discovered that in occupations of low enthusiastic work, value-based administration has made a positive commitment to group development. While Wells and Peachey (2011, p. 5) have discovered that there is a negative relationship ‘between value-based administration and willful authoritative turnover intentions’. The utilization of value theory’s procedural equit y (‘the saw reasonableness of the procedure used to decide the conveyance of rewards’ (Robbins et al. 2011, p.191) and distributive equity (‘perceived reasonableness of the sum and designation of remunerations among individuals’ (Robbins et al. 2011, p. 191) may clarify this negative relationship (Wells and Peachey 2011). On the other hand, value-based initiative isn't without its weaknesses.Subordinates of value-based pioneers may feel a lower feeling of association duty and employment fulfillment or submit damage against the association (Erkutlu 2008). As value-based administration depends upon characterized results with pioneers perhaps managing deviations from the standard ‘with brutal criticisms’ (Liu et al.2010, p. 284), subordinate execution past what the pioneer has mentioned ought not be normal; nor the disclosure of new techniques for critical thinking as subordinates keep utilizing attempted and tried arrangements ‘for dread of reproach’ (Liu et al. 2010, p. 284).Innovation among workers utilized in high enthusiastic work positions is likewise prone to be discouraged under a value-based pioneer (Liu et al. 2010). Value-based initiative doesn’t take into account followers’ self-actualisation should be met; along these lines supporters may not arrive at their full ‘potential and self-fulfilment’ (Robbins et al.2011, p. 177).Where value-based initiative has away from in regard of devotees execution, transformational administration expands upon this and reinforces followers’ ability to perform above what is required. Transformational authority can be thought of what value-based initiative isn't. Transformational pioneers are intensely mindful of the associations present culture however have a positive vision for what's to come. They empower this vision by changing the essential ‘values, objectives, and desires of followers’ (Lindgreen et al. 2009, p.15) as the devotees grasp the leader’s values.The result is that the adherents play out their particular obligations not on the grounds that they hope to be compensated, but since it is in concurrence with their recently discovered qualities (Lindgreen et al. 2009). By deliberately utilizing positive feelings, the pioneer can energize ‘optimism and positive ways to deal with bunch tasks’ (Mitchell and Boyle 2009, p. 463). Devotees of transformational authority experience elevated inspiration through their leaders’ rousing inspiration and individualized consideration.Mitchell and Boyle’s (2009, p.462) investigate states that this ‘increases their psychological adaptability to acknowledge new thoughts and remarks from others’. Transformational authority has demonstrated invaluable where client relationship improvement is significant, for instance formal client presentations and individual selling (Lindgreen et al. 2009). Research directed by Ca mps and Rodriguez (2011) set up that representatives working under a transformational pioneer inside an association that encouraged worker learning and ability improvement didn't drive the supporter to look for business somewhere else as a result of their expanded aptitude set.‘On the opposite, they consider this to be a promise to the business that has trusted and put resources into them’ (Camps and Rodriguez 2011, p. 437). Despite the fact that displayed as the favored authority style in contrast with value-based initiative, there are shortcomings of transformational administration. The appealling components of transformational pioneers are hard to recreate if not normally present in the character of the pioneer. In this manner, associations looking for candidates to lead in a transformational style are right away exposed to a restricted pool of appropriate candidates (Muijs 2011).Even when the candidate is of solid transformational character, a poor association fit w ill bomb the candidate. So too will hierarchical structures that hinder ‘the degree to which pioneers can be genuinely transformational’ (Muijs 2011, p. 50). Over fanatical transformational pioneers can likewise actuate aloof obstruction from subordinates. In thi

Employment and Form I

Business and Form I Business and Form I-9 Essay OMB No. 1615-0047; Expires 06/30/09 Structure I-9, Employment Qualification Verification Division of Homeland Security U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services Directions Peruse all directions cautiously before finishing this structure. Against Discrimination Notice. It is illicit to victimize any individual (other than an outsider not approved to work in the US) in employing, releasing, or enlisting or alluding for an expense in light of that person's national starting point or citizenship status. It is illicit to oppress work-approved people. Businesses CANNOT determine which document(s) they will acknowledge from a worker. The refusal to recruit an individual in light of the fact that the records introduced have a future lapse date may likewise comprise illicit segregation. For more data, call the Office of Special Counsel for Immigration Related Unfair Work Practices at 1-800-255-8155. What Is the Purpose of This Form? The reason for this structure is to record that each new worker (both resident and noncitizen) recruited after November 6, 1986, is approved to work in the United States. When Should Form I-9 Be Used? All representatives, residents, and noncitizens employed after November 6, 1986, and working in the United States must finish Structure I-9. Rounding Out Form I-9 in Section 2 proof of business approval that contains a termination date (e.g., Employment Authorization Archive (Form I-766)). Preparer/Translator Certification The Preparer/Translator Certification must be finished if Area 1 is set up by an individual other than the representative. A preparer/interpreter might be utilized just when the worker can't finish Section 1 on their own. Be that as it may, the representative should at present sign Section 1 by and by. Segment 2, Employer To finish this structure, the expression business signifies all businesses including those spotters and referrers for an expense who are horticultural affiliations, rural bosses, or homestead work contractual workers. Bosses must finish Section 2 by inspecting proof of character and work approval inside three business days of the date work starts. Be that as it may, if a business enlists a person for under three business days, Section 2 must be finished at the time work starts. Businesses can't determine which document(s) recorded on the last page of Form I-9 workers present to build up personality and work approval. Workers may introduce any List A report Or on the other hand a blend of a List B and a List C archive. This piece of the structure must be finished no later than the hour of recruit, which is the real start of business. Giving the Social Security Number is willful, with the exception of representatives recruited by bosses taking an interest in the USCIS Electronic Employment Eligibility Verification Program (EVerify). The business is answerable for guaranteeing that Segment 1 is convenient and appropriately finished. In the event that a worker can't present a necessary record (or reports), the representative must present a satisfactory receipt in lieu of an archive recorded on the last page of this structure. Receipts demonstrating that an individual has applied for an underlying award of work approval, or for restoration of business approval, are not worthy. Workers must present receipts inside three business days of the date work starts and should introduce substantial substitution archives inside 90 days or other indicated time. Noncitizen Nationals of the United States Bosses must record in Section 2: Area 1, Employee Noncitizen nationals of the United States are people conceived in American Samoa, certain previous residents of the previous Trust Domain of the Pacific Islands, and certain offspring of noncitizen nationals brought into the world abroad. Managers should take note of the work approval lapse date (assuming any) appeared in Section 1. For workers who show a business approval

The Essentials of Heart Attack Research Paper You Can Learn From Starting Right Away

The Essentials of Heart Attack Research Paper You Can Learn From Starting Right Away Don't be afraid to click the order if you require just the very best research paper. Therefore, it's far better to avail professional assistance for structuring a research paper. When you get a generic case of introduction in research paper, for example, you might not have to pay much. The individual grading your paper will likely appreciate how you deviated from the norm. Heart Attack Research Paper Fundamentals Explained You would be asked to present arguments for your research in a very clear and concise method. The success of a research paper mostly is based on the topic, which is why many of time is spent searching for the best research paper topics for college students. For some students, a collection of topic is the easiest part. The primary aim of a research paper is to encourage an unaffiliated thinking process in students. Otherwise, you'll be old news, and nobody could possibly need to read your paper. You would like your paper to be noticed, meaning you don't want to choose the simple topic and have your paper reflect precisely the same thing every one's paper does. A paper is always simpler to write if you're interested in this issue, and you're going to be more motivated to do in-depth research and compose a paper that truly covers the whole subject. You will need to compose a great research paper, and the topic you've chosen must be fully developed. Deciding on a topic for a research paper isn't simple whatsoever. Pick a college research paper topic which you are acquainted with or like research on. An advanced research paper has author's study of topic together with the most important research. For example, a master level research paper demands an expert with no less than a master or Ph.D. degree. The previous step in the procedure is for students to have a great close look at their very own work and the work of their peers. You will shell out quite a good deal of time working on your research, so it's important to pick a topic that you truly enjoy working with. Additionally, make certain that the topic isn't too broad as it might be difficult to cover comprehensively in the time and space allowed. You obtain your topic and paper punctually and free up time for some other activities. The Death of Heart Attack Research Paper While you do research, it's highly important to prevent the trap of feeling lost. Another thing to remember about assumptions is that the number of assumptions you're ready to make depends in large part on the scope and duration of your paper. Your mind could be filled with all these possibilities you don't even understand where to get started. On occasion the information functions as a springboard to finding more comprehensive information elsewhere. Now there's a list of resources. Clearly, you won't have the ability to compose a research paper if sufficient information regarding the subj ect isn't offered. With us, you can be sure your research paper and personal information won't ever be obtained by any third party. Details of Heart Attack Research Paper Which topic you select could help determine the entire writing process, the research, in addition to the grad you'll get. You've searched here and there to discover an ideal topic for research but all your efforts have gone in vain. Your high school research topics have to be focused and concise, together with interesting, but in addition broad in their very own way so you can discover enough data to back up your thesis. You should make an effort to decide on a topic for your research subject based on the instructions of your professor. You will be asked to formulate arguments for the subject of your research too. When you pick a research topic, make certain it is one which you understand and have a firm grasp on. If you're still somewhat stuck or confused about how to pick the ideal research paper topic , I've produced a list of 50 topic ideas that will help you out. Not all research paper topics are made equal, and you would like to ensure you decide on an excellent topic before you commence writing. The Ultimate Strategy to Heart Attack Research Paper Regardless, it's almost always a good idea to find assistance with complex or straightforward research paper topics. Research work is essential for research paper topics, and students have a tough time finding dependable and proper research material. If you select a topic that hasn't been featured in a hundred of other research papers, you're likely not just to score a great grade, but additionally to add a valuable part of research to the area of science. The process of selecting fantastic research paper topics is a significant commitment. To approach the paper with at least anxiety, you should select a topic that you are feeling comfortable writing about, and one which you're confident that you could grasp the appropriate scholarship on. Before you commence writing a single word of your paper, you first will need to understand what your thesis will be. If you should write only 1 paper at the conclusion of the period, you can breathe out since you are blessed. Research paper writing in high school needs to be done in accordance with a plan and well-structured way.

The Greatest Pass Rusher Of College Football - 1010 Words

By: Daryan Jessie â€Å"The greatest pass rusher in college football today† said Coach Tom Osborne of the Nebraska, Cornhuskers. Have you ever heard of â€Å"the biggest ovation you never heard.† 73,650 fans all for a single deaf person named Kenny Walker. It was his last game for university and he was going on to the Denver Broncos. Kenny Walker was born in april 6th, 1967, in Crane, TX. He became deaf at the age of 2, from spinal meningitis. He was offered a football scholarship from the University of Nebraska Rare is it that warmth crowds wrath for the spotlight when the Nebraska Cornhuskers and the Colorado Buffaloes crack helmets in their annual Big Eight showdown. Yet that was the mood this season at chilly Memorial Stadium in Lincoln as fans applauded loudly every senior playing his final home game. Nothing matched the reception waiting Kenny Walker, however. He received the biggest ovation you never heard.There was no applause. When Walker ran onto the field for the last time, he saw Big Red fans thanking him in sign language. They were deaf clapping, a majority of the 73,650 using a hand gesture to show affection that went far beyond Walker s crunching tackles and sacks as an All-America lineman. Their arms raised, appropriately, like a referee signaling touchdown and their wrists rotating counterclockwise, the fans applauded Walker. Deaf since contracting spinal meningitis at 2, Walker had inspired the Midwest, publicly sharing his story so others

Bartleby.com

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Customer Loyalty in Retail Sector free essay sample

Customer loyalty schemes (or programs) are explicit efforts by the retailers in different formats to gain the long term patronage from the customers. Loyalty schemes are designed and developed for variety of reasons: to reward the loyal customers, to generate more information about the customer behaviour, buying patterns. It also helps to influence consumer behaviour, and as defensive measure to combat a competing scheme. The purpose of this study is to describe the objectives of the loyalty schemes, the origin its evolution over the years, the important aspects of its implementation and strategic approaches to maximise the impact. This will also focus on the retail sectors and its effect on consumers, economies, and businesses. Successful retailers connect with the customers through loyalty programs at three levels starting with initiation, retailer communication, and finally the customer-retailer feedback loops. Customer loyalty programs Loyalty programs are ways for the retailer to encourage the ongoing patronage of the customers. It allows the retailers to gather the information about customer buying behaviour in order to understand the trends, and reward them appropriately with loyalty. It has many forms which varies in its application and industry sector. It is an engagement between the company and the customer for building a sustaining relationship over a period of time. There are two types of customer loyalty programmes, credit card rewards programme and frequent flyer programs. A brief history: It started in 1981 as frequent flyer programme in American Airlines, the first of its kind to retain the airline’s most frequent flying customers by rewarding them for using the airline services. Its database of 150,000 premium customers was identified to be a part of the AAdvantage club. This was copied by other airlines and much before that there used to be coupons: the idea was similar to encourage repeat business by rewarding customers for their loyalty. The Consumer Buying Process: The consumer usually goes through the five stages of the buying process. The need recognition and problem awareness leads to information search in the marketplace. Then after searching through the plethora of information the customer is able to do justice by evaluation of the alternatives. The customer asks people around him like personal sources, commercial sources, public sources, and experiential sources who had used the product or service. Then the ‘aroused’ customer seriously thinks of the purchase concern for a particular product of his choice. After the purchase has been done, he consumes a service or a product that results in the formation of experiential outcomes about the product. The theory of cognitive dissonance comes into play over here, where the feeling may be prevalent for the customer to switch brands for the next time. To manage the post purchase stage in the consumer’s mind the job for the marketing team is to engage the consumer closer to the brand values. This potential customer can only be swayed when the needs and criteria’s are fulfilled. The customer’s indecisive behaviour should be reinforced with positive elements about brand which would evoke a positive response in the sales figures. The evaluation process by a customer differs for a low involvement and a high involvement purchases (example buying a soft drink, and buying a car). It has been seen that customer feels that involvement factor, the degree of perceived relevance and personal importance attached to the choice. The lesson for the marketing team of retailers is therefore to provide trial or sampling of the product in the hope of securing a sale. The same concept is being adopted by the airlines and hospitality industry where the offers is not through a sampling of a product but through up-gradation to upper class of seats, business suites, cabins, or services which is totally new for the customer(which is the aspirational level). The customer loyalty funnel is the next stage where the customer is hooked to the set of offerings. A response from the customer to come back and repeatedly use the product or service is a definite indicator of the customer to be loyal. Through loyalty programmes companies therefore can track the behaviour of customer, and trends of his activities over a period of time. It can lead to customer behaviour where customers can book earlier, stay longer, do vacationing more often, and earn reward points for this behaviour with the brand. So loyalty programmes provide an opportunity to learn about the customer’s preferences, and expectations. Customers tend to be loyal only when they can identify their values matching with those of the brand. This leads to brand association from the customer’s with the company’s logo, brand. Eyeballs Buyers Loyalty Action Performance Consideration Awareness There are five types of the consumer behaviour which have been measured over particular period of time span: the percentage of consumers buying a brand, number of purchases per buyer, the percentage who continue to buy the brand repeatedly, the 100% loyal customers and the segment of population who buy other brands. Polygamous Loyalty: This is a theory which is for the stationary markets, customer loyalty is divided into number of brands. The long run propensities to buy a particular brand for a customer now a days is very less the primary reason being the choice of too many brands in the same sector. So polygamous loyalty is actually consumer behaviour which is connected to brand switching (a conscious once-and-for all change of allegiance to another brand- as if the propensities are 100% or zero). The promiscuous (customer behaviour is like a butterfly shifting from one flower to another) behaviour of the customer happens when the choice of brands are large at a given point of time. It generally happens in the segments of fast moving consumer goods where the need for gratification is instant for the customer and it does not require huge amount of money to invest. It has also been seen as a trend in the retail service industry where the unavailability of the specifics of a service is not available or offered. The Leaky Bucket Theory: The leaky bucket theory says that when a company expects its existing customers to exhibit a loyal behaviour the company arms itself with marketing strategies which are designed to replace the disloyal customers who leak away with the new ones to keep the sales momentum steady. The domain of this theory across many countries over 20years of research around the globe has revealed that purchase habits of people buying products are highly are not sticky. Empirical record and predictive norms show that only 10% buyers for many types of frequently purchased consumer goods are 100% loyal to a particular brand over only one year period. Extensions of this work show that even in service situations exclusive loyalty is confined to small number of buyers. The empirical studies show that it is difficult to be too enthusiastic about a loyalty marketing program as the customer preferences are always changing. Creating a group of 100% loyal customers therefore is much of hypothetical situation. Double Jeopardy and Brand Loyalty: The issue of finding a single brand loyal customer is very rare in the market. Most of the brands of the same kind exist along the double jeopardy line. There may be existence of the big group of brand which are ‘super loyalty’. The figure shown below shows the relationship of most established and competitive consumer and service markets industry. 0% Market Share 100% 0 Repeat purchase probability 1. 0 Double jeopardy line Change of pace brands Super loyalty brands Niche brands The oblong shaped structure at the middle is dissected by double jeopardy line which depicts the buyers predicted by double jeopardy law. Niche brands have relatively more buyers who are loyal and likely to make repeat purchase. Super loyalty brands are those which enjoy higher status in terms of market share and probability of a repeat purchase. The new segment of change of pace of brands lies at the bottom of jeopardy line, which is a brand with higher than expected market share, but less than expected proportion of loyal buyers. It is also to be noted that the brands can be profitable only when the repeat purchases are there, or else it falls below the double jeopardy line taking the position of a different brand. Researcher across the world, suggests that the most effective ways to get more buyers is to gain more distribution outlets. This acts as a trap to catch customers who would naturally want a service delivery outlet nearest to the vicinity of his stay, office, home. The service and even airline industry understands this, so they extend the offerings through hotels, travel agents, online or mobile bookings, business agents for corporate sales. So loyalty programs will be only effective when the repeated reinforcements of positive elements of the brand are projected in the customer’s mind. Linking Customer rewards to loyalty programmes: Products and services are consumed by the customers who benefit them their wants and needs. These can be psychological, functional or economic in nature and they are the elemental sources of customer value. The amount of customer value and distribution coverage will increase the market share and the loyal customers of a brand. The rewards offered by a customer loyalty program tend to disturb the above relationship. Critical analysis tells us three sets of psychological considerations: the extent to which loyalty is linked to a brand, the way customers value rewards on a particular offer, and lastly effect of time on the above two criteria. It has been found that customer loyalty programme may induce loyalty to the program rather than a core product or service. The extent to which it may seem desirable to the customer is linked to that factor of customer’s interest and involvement with the product. For low involvement products, incentives are primary rewards while for a high involvement products it is a small incentive generally. It has been seen that a more desirable outcome is possible when the creation of a point of difference reinforces long term value proposition of the service itself. So customer loyalty programs can be classified if the explicit rewards directly support the value proposition of the product or service which is offered to consumers or whether rewards are designed to motivate the loyalty element through an indirect route. Loyalty programs are designed to support the value proposition and help the positioning of target product in fitting the goals of loyalty marketing. Psychologists have shown interest in modifying behavioural learning with that of rewards. It has been found that there are five elements that contribute to loyalty program’s value. The cash value of the redemption of rewards, the range of choice of the rewards, aspirational value of rewards, perceived likelihood of achieving rewards and ease of using the loyalty scheme. Furthermore it can also be added the psychological benefits belonging to the program and participating in accumulation of loyalty points. The true potential of an effective loyalty program tends to attract customers on the basis of the value it offers as a reward but also when the rewards are available when they demand it. If it is delayed and the process of redemption of is problematic customers are bound to switch the brands. The Retail Sector: The retail sector either provides a good or a service or a mix of both in a service sector to a set of targeted customers. The retail operations typically need footfalls of the customers as the first step to make the business model viable. There are three kinds of service retailing: rented goods services, owned goods services, and non goods services. So in order to sustain the retail chains have introduced various loyalty programmes to retain customers. Characteristics of Services Retailing: The four characteristics of services retailing are intangibility, inseparability, perishability, and variability. The intangibility aspect of service retailing has the key features like services features are difficult to display, its prices difficult to determine, judgement quality is subjective, and it cannot be patented, which means easily duplicable. Inseparability factor of customer receiving the service is the crux of service production, and consumer loyalty rests with employees. Perishability of services is a feature which is offered to consumers for a specific period of time, which substantiates that it cannot be inventoried and effects of seasonality can be severe. Though standardization and quality control is hard to achieve the variability factor of service is a critical factor in service retailing. Typical Customer Services: The typical customer services in a retail setting entails some important factors and facets of which are as follows: credit facility, delivery, alterations, gift packaging, complaints handling, trade-in, trial purchases, extended store hours, mail and phone orders. Some of the extended services which are offered to retail customers are restrooms, restaurants, shopping bags, information, pay phones, parking, and baby sitting. Empower Front line employees Focus on Customer Concerns Show that you are listening Express sincere understanding Apologize and rectify the situation The gaps in the customer service leave the customer dissatisfied and hence the customer discontinues the service. The turning around of weak customer service can be done in this way: Delivering Value: The basic premise of the consumer behaviour theories will lead to interesting facts. The consumers will demand more for less from the shopping experience in lesser time. The consumers will split the commodity shopping venture from the value added shopping trip. This means the perceived value that the shopper has is a part of a series of bigger activities and processes i. e. the value chain. The customer’s view is to see the total benefits accrued versus the price paid to purchase it. The retail value chain comprises of the total bundle of benefits offered to customers through a series of activity linked channel distribution. Several factors are store location, parking, retailer ambience and merchandising, product range and quality, stock position and shipping. The three aspects of a value oriented retail strategy are expected, augmented and potential. The customer service in the retail segment is an important aspect where the expected customer service level that customers want to receive such as basic employee courtesy. Augmented customer service in retail includes the acitivities which enhance the shopping experience and give retailers a competitive advantage. The next issue is classifying customer services, in the retail format. The table below shows that we can map Cost of offering the customer service HighLow Value of customer service to be shopper Low High Patronage Buildersgt;High cost activities that are primary factors behind customer loyalties| Patronage Solidifiersgt;The low cost little things that increase loyalty| Disappointersgt;Expensive activities that do no real good. | Basicsgt;Low cost activities that are naturally expected, absence could reduce the patronage. | the value of customer service and the cost of offering it. The high and low parameters depict the types of relationship which are expected. The patronage builders are high on both factors which leads to high cost activities while the opposite is low on both factors which are basic low cost activities which is naturally expected and can reduce the patronage. The disappointers are those who are low in perceived value of a shopping experience. The patronage solidifiers is that segment where low cost little things increases loyalty. Key Concepts of Loyalty Marketing Programs: The US model which was replicated all over the world in airlines and also in hotels, restaurants, travel, coffee houses, cruises. The reason loyalty marketing is the key to the effective marketing mix is because of its approach. It is a scientific model, which can be tracked, measured the effectiveness. The expenditure in a mass marketing exercise with print, Television is huge. So companies are trying to find out newer ways to reach specific targeted customers at a much lesser cost. Thats where the loyalty marketing programmes steps in. Some of the key universal characteristics which define the loyalty programmes are as follows: 1. Lifetime value of customer: The history of marketing shows that it uses the old transactional model when analysing customer purchases. The newer model is specific with the actual and potential on the basis of the expected purchases in the course of the total lifetimes. The long-term approach in supporting the loyalty factors is the basic premise of the targeted consumer marketing. 2. Share of customer: The long term perspective of a customer and company is seen as the is also seeking to maximise the share of the customer’s category spending over lifetime of purchases. 3. Cost to retain VS cost to acquire: The general thumb rule is that it is 4-15 times more expensive to acquire a new customer than to retain an existing customer. Loyalty marketing programs therefore leverages this disparity by targeting the customer retention in a focussed manner. The more a customer buys a product the greater are the chances of winning and choosing a product. 4. The 80-20 Rule: The general rule of 80-20 says that 80% of the given effect is likely to be caused by a mere 20% of the relevant variables. Therefore the 805 profits are likely to be generated by 20% of the customers. In the airline industry it has been seen that the business travellers segment flies frequently, stays at the same hotels, at high yield rates, to combine to account for a big slice of revenue and profit. So this type of marketing allows marketers to identify the premium segment of the business travellers and provide them with recognition and benefits which again is a part of the revenue contribution. Goals of Loyalty Marketing: The goals of this type of marketing usually have five main goals: 1. Enrolment: This is the first step where the initial contact of the customer and representative takes place, which results in explaining of benefits and creation of the unique customer identification number. This id will help to search; track the details of the customer-company relationship. The potential customer in the loyalty program receives the first greeting official letter which lays down the rules, to upgrade his awareness. The loyalty bonus points, how it is earned, milestones, statement generation date, are clearly communicated to the customer. 3. Customer Retention: This goal is the crux of the customer loyalty marketing. It has been seen that the loyalty program usually succeeds in protecting a substantial chunk of company’s proven customer base, which is a important element for the financials of the revenue production. Through this programme it succeeds in retaining the existing customer base, rather than making efforts to generate a new one. 4. Customer Reactivation: This happens when the customer in the database is a lapsed customer, who has stopped using the customer loyalty card. The issue is to tap the total customer base to coax them to actively use the product, know the actual reason and offer something in return. This will help them to recapture the switchers segment of those customers, retain them and prove their loyalty towards the brand. 5. Maximise the share of the customer: The share of the customer is the basic tenet of the customer retention strategy, where the loyalty marketing seek to increase the share of total spending. Most of the best customers have multiple loyalty cards of different organisations and the efforts are to cross bundle offers to boost customer’s spending. So from the marketing point of view the companies seek to maximise the share of customer’s total category spending. The Airlines Retailers: The airlines company uses frequent flyer programs- FFPs( a type of loyalty programs) which can be found everywhere. This customer loyalty programmes were initially used in US airlines to start with which slowly developed into a global fad. The airline industry which is in the retail sector of the services started offering following a trend in the market. Some of the carriers felt that using FFPs is a kind of discount or rebate, which is inconsistent with their premium-pricing strategy(first class and business). The reasons why FFPs are very attractive loyalty programmes( customer’s viewpoint) and effective ( airline standpoint) is the reward side of the equation. The result is a free ticket for most of the FFP members who have used the airline service. The operational side of the airlines for FFP programme as a general rule reserves 5% of the airline seats for the FFP programme which awards tickets to the lucky winners. Below is the chart of the cost and revenue factors which affect this program. Costs | Revenues| FFPs are big operations, employing thousands of employees as CCE, marketing, and technical staff. The extra costs involved are computers, telephone systems, facilities. FFPs are an effective way of marketing programmes and almost all airlines companies are willing to pay for the privilege of participating as partners. Conversely, loyal customers may come to the retailers again and again for a price discount or seeking a better form of service. So taking notice of the above explained Double Joepardy relationship the loyal customers are likely turn out to be more frequent buyers. Their expectation set rises as well , as they may seek some type of volume discount on the number of repeat purchases. Next the assumption of spending more time may label a customer loyal, but the weight of the purchase matters, not the loyalty. Conclusion: In short the business of customer loyalty program is always a profitable business if it can be designed to be more profitable and effective in its reach. Though there are categories where we cannot impose this like highly innovative products, fads amp; fashions, but as the brand gets bigger there are more chances of customers to be more brands loyal which was shown in Double jeopardy line model. So if loyalty program should enhance product or service value proposition, broaden the reach of availability, to neutralise a competitor’s loyalty program effort.

Personal reaction Essay Example

Personal reaction Essay While reading the first couple pages of wild swans, I was immediately amazed by the culture and the perspectives of the citizens. For example, the men valued women with small petite bonded feet and it was said that a woman with large feet would bring shame onto the family. Mind you that so called large feet were what is now a womans average shoe size. Mothers did this to their young daughters. Can you imagine the pain of having a stone smashed on your foot every day? This caused bruising and ingrown toenails which are very disgusting. I cant imagine how men loud have found that attractive. Another thing that caught my attention was how on earth did Change know so much about her great grandmothers life, not only did she know about it, but she described it in detail, and all of her stories seem credible. Changes Wild Swans, has many situations where a Chinese woman was affected by their culture. However, the situation that stood out the most was in chapter six, when Jung Changes mother, De-Hong, was getting married to her boyfriend, Shoo-you. Less than two months after returning from Hardin my mother and father filed their application. Change 118) For people to get married they have to file an application for their society to approve their relationship. Marriage had traditionally been a contract between families, and there had never been civil registration or a marriage certificate. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal reaction specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Personal reaction specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Personal reaction specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Now for those who had Joined the revolution, the Party functioned as the family head. (Change 118) The criteria to be able to get married was called 28-7- regiment-I . (Change 118) The criteria Is called 28-7-regiment-l because The man had to be at least 28 years old, a Party member for at least seven years, and with a rank equivalent to that of a regimental commander; the 1 referred to the only qualification the woman had to meet, to have worked for the Party for a minimum of one year. Changes 118) If the man or women did not meet these requirements, they were not to be married. Overall, Jung Changes book, Wild Swans, Is Interesting and inspiring. It Is changing my perspective on things, and how much the world has developed since then. Its great to read about a culture and how It grows. Its Like Im reading a personal diary from generation to generation.

How To Write Exciting Content Even For A Boring Industry

How To Write Exciting Content Even For A Boring Industry As you peruse the internet for content marketing tips, strategies, and case studies, you may find plenty examples of what works. But, unfortunately, not all of those examples resonate with you because your industry doesnt inspire exciting, viral content. So the questions you may have are as follows. Do you need the kind of content that attracts and entertains thousands of visitors? What do you do if you want to make your content exciting in an otherwise boring industry? In this post, were going to answer both. What do you do if you want to make your content exciting in an otherwise boring industry? @kikolaniContent Doesnt Have to Be Exciting Not all content has to be exciting. Audiences in certain industries may not want exciting or entertaining, but rather straightforward, professional content. When youre not sure whether your industry is up for exciting content, the best approach is to look at what your competitors are publishing. If you see competitors at that are publishing exciting content, and those that are publishing what you might consider stuffy content, look at the engagement for both. If you notice the exciting content gets more engagement from those in your target audience, then it is something you should try in your content marketing strategy. If the stuffy content is getting more engagement, it doesnt mean you have to give up on the idea of exciting content. You may just want to incorporate it slowly. Remember that exciting has its place in your content marketing. Blog posts can be exciting and entertaining because they are considered to be more casual, conversational pieces of content. White papers, sales presentations, and similar content (again, depending on your industry) would be better served as formal content for serious audiences.

Capstone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Capstone - Essay Example The mission of the company is to enhance innovative products and also design new products that meet the demanding needs of their customers. Therefore, the mission of the BlackBerry Ltd have offered the company a wide and universal view to the company the reason for its existence ; hence enabling the company to identify its ultimate vision and goals vital for the values, as well as, cultures of the organisation. The primary stakeholders have played significant roles of influencing on the corporate business activities as community citizenship and social responsibility have been consistently incorporated into corporate management. Employee, customers and business partners are among the primary stakeholders that carry weight in corporate decisions and activities; thus they influence business activities in the company. Therefore, understanding the impact the primary stakeholders on business activities of the company is significant. For instance, the primary stakeholders in Blackberry Comp any have made significant efforts of establishing a superior ground for the debate on corporate purpose through offering a conceptual framework, showing its influence on competitiveness and executive leadership. Employees adhere to social responsibility and also make community citizenship a priority; thus contributing to effective business performance. Q.2 The company employs Porter’s five forces of analysis and this have impacted the performance of the company in varied ways. First, the intensity of competition rivalry is one of their major determinants for competitiveness; thus the company has made significant efforts of designing innovative and low cost products, as well as, employing powerful competitive strategy of product differentiation, as well as, powerful branding strategy vital for competing with their competitors. Secondly, threats of new entrants into the business have threatened the effective commercial activities of the company. However, the incumbents have att empted to block the new firms by employing entry barriers, establishing customer loyalties and among other entry barriers to block new entrants. Thirdly, threats of substitute commodities have also impacted the effective performance of the business because this increases the tendency of customers to switch to substitute products. Fourthly, the bargaining power of buyers and this have impacted the company because of the ability of consumers to put the company under pressure to lower prices for products; thus affecting sensitivity of customers to price changes. Lastly, the bargaining power of suppliers and this have also impacted the company suppliers have made the firm to switch costs and this has impacted cost or differentiation of products. Q. 3 SWOT analysis is an effective tool that a company can employ in order to analyze their potential factors that are favorable or unfavorable for effective business performance. Therefore, below is the SWOT analysis of the BlackBerry Company t hat indicates strengths and weaknesses, as well as, opportunities and threats in the company. INTERNAL EXTERNAL Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats -The company has strong brand recognition. -Highly secure smartphones. -The have a better brand loyalty among business customers and niche markets. -They strong focus on customer

Financial Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

Financial Report - Essay Example Canada was one of the signatories to the 1997 protocol for stronger greenhouse gas emission reduction targets for the year 2000 and beyond. This protocol drafted in Kyoto was as a result of a meeting held to review the progress on the Rio Convention. Many countries did not sign this agreement, significantly the USA. At the moment of writing this report another convention is being held in Bali, with greenhouse gas emissions forming a part of the agenda. Transportation, which accounts for more than a quarter of Canada's greenhouse gas emissions, will be an important component of Canada's long-term, multi-faceted climate-change strategy. The federal government is considering options for more sustainable transportation and working with industry to develop improved vehicle technologies and alternative transportation fuels. Currently rail is generally accepted as the most sustainable form of mass transport in the UK [1 and any movement of passengers from less sustainable modes onto the rail system is therefore a net benefit to the UK. Indeed over the past 10 years rail passenger and freight kilometers have both increased by more than 40%. These increases have been achieved with proportionately low levels of additional resource, and hence have significantly enhanced rail's sustainability position [2]. This report attempts to analyze the perf... s a much diversified company, with interests in many spheres, Railpower is confined to the area of development of hybrid rolling stock for the railways across the world. The current market scenario is discussed in light of the historical background and projected performances, corporate strategies, and impacts of the rise in fuel prices, changes in interest rates, the overall Canadian economy and the global milieu in which these Companies operate. 2.0 Market Analysis (Part - A) The United States is the largest economy in the world and any changes there will be reverberated in all major economies - note the recent drastic slump in the world's stock markets. Six months into the most serious financial crisis which originated with sub-prime mortgages has laid the American economy low by a debilitating credit crunch. The situation has been aggravated due to the phenomenal rise in world fuel prices, and the other major economies have to bail out the US from the present crisis (Lynch, 2007). Rogoff (2007), on the other hand, warns "If it is a really steep downturn, it's going to pull everyone into its vortex." The Canadian economy, specifically, is largely dependent upon its largest trading partner - the US; and is thus most exposed to a turndown in US economy. However, effects of the struggling US economy have not been felt so far in 2007. If the United States manages to avoid a recession in 2008 one can be reasonably optimistic about global prospects. But with U.S. growth in the final quarter of this year expected to be very poor (Lynch, 2007), oil prices hovering above $80 a barrel and resurgent inflation in developed and developing economies alike, there are plenty of reasons to believe that the worst is yet to come. Borders have become insignificant in the financial

Critical Theory and the Middle East Essay Example for Free

Critical Theory and the Middle East Essay Critical theory is actually tackled by two different intellectual traditions from which the term is derived – critical theory in literary studies and critical social theory. The former is primarily a form of hermeneutics, or knowledge that is gained through the interpretation in the understanding of the meanings presented through human texts and symbolic expressions. On the other hand, the latter is a form of knowledge that is self-reflective which involves both understanding and theoretical explanation which intend reduction of entrapment within systems like domination and dependence, in the advancement of emancipator interest to expand autonomy and reduce domination. Critical theory from a sociological perspective, is best defined as that social theory that is in contrast to some of the principles of the 20th century positivism, and is, in fact, sometimes referred to as negative philosophy. Contrary to the general idea that knowledge comes from people’s sense-experience, critical theory proposes rationalism which posits that the source of knowledge and the source of common humanity is the fact that humans are rational beings. This paper adopts the sociological perspective of critical theory, and relates it with the Middle East scenario, taking Qatar into particular focus, as an example of the Middle East countries. Historical Background The concept of critical theory dates as early as 1937, with Max Horkheimer of Frankfurt School giving meaning to it as a social theory that is oriented toward critiquing and changing the society in general, contrary to the traditional theory that is oriented merely in the understanding or explaining the society. Most accounts of the theory closely link it with the Frankfurt School of Social Research (or Frankfurt School which later became the International Institute for Research at Columbia University, New York in 1933), while some trace its origins to as far back through Hegelianism and Western Marxism. Most of the key contributors to the theory are employed at the Frankfurt Institute, like Theodore W. Adorno, Herbert Marcuse, along with Hokheimer who was the Institute’s Director at that time. The other contributors who were not employed at the Institute were Walter Benjamin and Ernst Bloch, both published their materials in the Institute’s journal as well as engaged in other activities of the Institute. Later on, in 1945, a certain Hannah Arendt also helped by extending the concern for liberation as developed in the works of the Institute. After 1945, in Germany, Jurgen Habermas and Axel Honeth continued the advancement of critical social theory. Marx’s Influence on the Critical Theory It has been said by analysts of today that the common thread between and among the German critical theory and the French post-structuralism is that they are both anchored on Karl Marx’s theory of social change, which generally proposes for philosophers and thinkers to not just interpret the world, but rather change it. Such Marxian theory has been revised by critical theorists to posit that the critical theory rests on the concept of intervention which comes from appropriate understanding of the past and present conditions which provides adequate insight towards change, or possibilities of it. Further down the history of critical theory, Marx’s great influence can be traced with the Praxis School, which was a Marxist humanist philosophical movement originating from Zagreb and Belgrade in Yugoslavia in the 1960s. This Praxis School was closely linked with the Frankfurt School and the Critical Theory. In fact, the term critical theory is derived from Marx’s concept about his work Capital as a form of critique of political economy. Middle East in Context The Middle East or the Muslim world in particular, has been perceived by the rest of the world as an oppressive society where only men have the freedom to live the way they want to live, while women are repressed and stay in the shadows of their men. It is anchored basically on the Islamic teachings which have shaped the Muslim people’s beliefs, culture and traditions. In a traditional Muslim society, the women are raised and trained to obey and serve men without questions or opinions. Muslim women are not allowed to decide on anything, even for their own personal concerns, since it is the men who have the right to decide – this comes from the practice of betrothing the women, and the men paying dowry for the women they marry. This technically makes the women possessions of men. Through the years, the plight of Muslim women who also want to pursue careers, who also want to live freely and have more options than to be betrothed and raise a family, have been slowly heard by the world. Through the years, things have changed dramatically and drastically in the Muslim World. Contemporary Muslim societies have successful Muslim women on boob tube talking about pleasurable sex, albeit maintaining that it be in the context of marriage, but still, such freedom to speak about sex in public was a big taboo in years past. Qatar’s Shiekah Muzah Bint Nasser Al Misned, is another example of an emancipated lot of Muslim women now successfully treading career paths that were never trodden before. How did it all happen? What brought about such changes in the society that was once repressive but now tolerate and allow women to have choices? Critical Theory in the Middle East (Qatar) The Middle East, particularly Qatar, has gone through a lot of upheavals, significantly changing the social, political and cultural landscape of the nation. Applying the critical social theory, which seeks to critically study the interrelated facets of society – political, economic and social – with interventions appropriately based on understanding, Qatari society has been led by its leaders into a more tolerant society in the interest of further development and advancement. Looking back to the socio-political and economic landscape that gave birth to the Marxian theory and the critical theory, it was a repressive society and constrictive governmental policies that were sought to change by the proponents. Mere analysis and understanding of such society and government were not enough, and thus interventions based on appropriate understanding was proposed. The Qatari situation is no different. Awakening to the real situation, deep understanding of them, led the people and the leaders to create changes which now manifest in its media, which is rich in stories of women achievers. One of the leading women figures in Qatar is none other Her Highness Shiekah Muzah Bint Nasser Al Misned, who heads the nation’s Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development. Summary The sociological definition of critical theory generally posits that it is necessary that matters be tackled in a multi-dimensional perspective, and that rationalism is as a key to understanding situations need to be coupled with interventions. In societies where societal norms tend to repress some sectors’ freedom, it is a necessity to pursue a critical outlook of the situation and provide measures to address the issues. In Qatar, for instance, the nation underwent various upheavals which significantly changed its social, political, cultural and economic scenarios, giving freedom to women as they have never experienced before. Personal Opinion Oppression or repression of any kind is always an unpleasant situation, much less to a more vulnerable group in the society, the women. History is replete with situations of oppression and repression, and almost all those situations ended up wrecking nations, which means that ultimately, the people are wrecked as the ultimate victims. The proponents of critical social theory emphasizes the rational nature of people which, if given deeper interpretation, only emphasizes that as rational beings, people must be treated as such, rational. Further, the argument of Marx that it is not enough for people or philosophers to merely interpret society, but rather must change it, rings a bell of truth in the contemporary times. For instance, in the Middle East, much have been written about the societal repression, but only recently have changes been felt and manifest. Only when some things have been done to change the situation. References Ahmed, L. , 1993, Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate Edition: reissue, illustrated, Published by Yale University Press, 1993. Calhoun, C. J. , 1995, Critical social theory: culture, history, and the challenge of difference, Edition: reprint, Published by Wiley-Blackwell, 1995. Held, D. , 1980, Introduction to critical theory: Horkheimer to Habermas,Published by University of California Press, 1980. Swank, A. ,2007, Sexual healing: How big is kalaam kibeer? , Arab Media and Society. Issue 2, Summer 2007, Published by The American University in Cairo. UNDP-POGAR, 2007, Women in public life, gender and women, Gender and Citizenship Initiative, 2007.

First Amendment Essay -- Governmental Freedom Constitution Essays

First Amendment The modern American conception of freedom of speech comes from the principles of freedom of the press, and freedom of religion as they developed in England, starting in the seventeenth century. The arguments of people like John Milton on the importance of an unlicensed press, and of people like John Locke on religious toleration, were all the beginning for the idea of the â€Å"freedom of speech†. By the year of 1791, when the First Amendment was ratified, the idea of â€Å"freedom of speech† was so widely accepted that it became the primary, and a very important issue in the amendment. â€Å"Freedom of press† came with it to insure that the written and printed as well as oral communication was protected: â€Å"Congress shall make no law †¦ abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press.† From the 1791 and until the beginning of the twentieth century the idea of â€Å"freedom of speech† and the â€Å"freedom of press† was not interfered in by the judicial system. And only during World War I did the Supreme Court actively start to work on the issue of the â€Å"freedom of speech/press† of the First Amendment. In 1919 cases like Schenck vs. United States and Abram vs. United States did the new interpretation of the First Amendment come into place. Schenck vs. United States was argued on January 9 and 10, 1919. The first charges were based on him breaking the Espionage Act of June 15, 1917, because he was getting on the way of the governments recruiting practices, Act of May 18, 1917, while the country was at war with German Empire. The second charge was a conspiracy to commit an offense against the United States, to use the mails for the transmission of the things that were declared to be non-mailable by title 12, 2, of the Act of June 15, 1917. What happened was, that in 1917, when the American troops were away fighting the war, the general secretary of the Socialist party, Charles T. Schenck, and the members of the party mailed between 15,000 and 16,000 pamphlets to draftees. Those pamphlets described draftees as â€Å"a little more than a convict† and tried to convince them to resist conscription. The case was decided March 3, 1919. Mr. Justice Holmes delivered the opinion of the entire Court. He stated that â€Å"in many places and in ordinary times the defendants in saying all that was said in the circular would have been within their constitutional righ... ...ts to change the mind of the country. Now nobody can suppose that the surreptitious publishing of a silly leaflet by an unknown man, without more, would present any immediate danger. The ultimate good desired is better reached by free trade in ideas†¦ the best test of truth is the power of the thought to get itself accepted in the competition of the market†¦. That at any rate is the theory of our Constitution. It is an experiment. While that experiment is part of our system I think we should be eternally vigilant against attempts to check the expression of opinions that we loathe†¦ unless they so imminently threaten immediate interference with the lawful and pressing purposes of the law that an immediate check is required to save the country.† So now because of this case the â€Å"clear and present danger† speech had to become â€Å"imminent danger† speech to be punished. In the case of Schenck vs. United States the decision contracted civil rights, by creating the â€Å"clear and present danger† rule. But in Abrams vs. United States the civil rights have been expanded, because now just simply a clear dangerous speech wouldn’t be punished, it would have to be an â€Å"imminent danger† speech.

2.Annotated Outline Introduction

3. Objective The basic purpose of HRP is to decide what positions the organisation will have to fill and how to fill them. Objectives of human resource planning Forecast personnel requirements Cope with changes Use existing manpower productively Promote employees in a systematic way Human Resource Planning 4. Importance Organisations use HRP to meet future challenges, cut costs, and achieve greater effectiveness Importance of human resource planning Create a talent pool Prepare people for future Cope with organisational changes Cut costs Help succession planning Human Resource Planning 5. The Process Of HRP The HRP is a four step process: demand forecasting, supply forecasting, estimating manpower gaps and formulating HR plans. The demand for human resources is influenced by several factors Forecasting the demand for human resources External challenges Economic developments Political, legal, social, technological changes Competition Organisational decisions Workforce factors Human Resource Planning 6. The Process Of HRP External Challenges: Liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation (LPG era) have created huge demand for people in software, finance marketing, and manufacturing fields. Organisational Decisions: Decisions such as expansion, diversification, and relocation leading to demand for people possessing requisite skills Workforce Factors: Such as retirement, resignation, and termination etc creating manpower gaps. Human Resource Planning 7. Forecasting Techniques HR forecasts are an attempt to find out an organisation's future demand for employees Forecasting techniques Expert forecasts Trend analysis Workforce analysis Workload analysis Human Resource Planning 8. Forecasting techniques Expert Forecasts: These are based on the judgements of those who possess good knowledge of future human resource needs Trend Analysis: This is based on the assumption that the future is an extrapolation from the past. Human resource needs, as such, can be estimated by examining pas trends. An example of trend analysis 2001-02 Production of Units : 5,000 2002-03 No. of Workers : 100 Ratio : 100:5000 2003-04 Estimated Production : 8,000 No. of Workers required : 8000 ? 100 = 160 5000 If supervisors have a span of 20 workers, 8 supervisors are also needed in 2003-04. Human Resource Planning 9. Forecasting techniques Workforce Analysis: All relevant factors in planning manpower flows in a firm such as transfers, promotions, new recruitments, retirement, resignation, dismissal etc are taken into account while estimating HR needs Manpower flows in a bank Promotions out Transfers In ; ; Job Hopping ; Transfers Out ; Retirement ; VRS Scheme (Golden handshake) Recruits In ; ; Discharge or Dismissal ; Terminations ; Resignations Promotions In ; ; Retrenchment ; Attractions in Other Banks, etc. Human Resource Planning 10. Forecasting techniques Workload analysis: Based on the planned output, a firm tires to calculate the number of persons required for various jobs. An example of workload analysis Planned output for the year 10,000 pieces Standard hours per piece 3 hours Planned hours required 30,000 hours Productive hours per person per year 1,000 hours (estimated on annual basis) (allowing for absenteeism, turnover, idle time etc. ) No. of workers required 30 If span of control in the unit is 10 per officer, then 3 officers are also required. Human Resource Planning 11. Supply Forecasting A) Internal labour supply: a manpower inventory in terms of the size and quality of personnel available (their age, sex, education, training, experience, job performance, etc) is usually prepared by HR departments. Several techniques are used while ascertaining the internal supply of manpower (a supply of employees to fill projected vacancies can come from within the firm or from new hires ) Human Resource Planning 12. Estimated internal labour supply for a given firm Sources of Inflows The Firm Projected Outflows ? Promotions ? Transfers ? Quits Current Staffing ? Promotions Level ? Terminations Employees In Employees Out ? New Recruits ? Retirements ? Recalls ? Deaths ? Layoffs Current Projected Projected Firm’s internal staffing – outflows + inflows = supply for this level this year this year time next year Human Resource Planning 13. Supply Forecasting Staffing table: Shows the number of employees in each job, how they are utilised and the future employment needs for each type of job. Marcov analysis: Uses historical information from personnel movements of the internal labour supply to predict what will happen in the future Human Resource Planning 14. Marcov analysis for a hypothetical retail company 2003-2004 Store Asst. Store Section Dept. Sales Exit Managers Managers Heads Heds Executives Store Managers 80% 20% (n = 15) 12 3 Asst. Store 11% 83% 6% Managers 4 30 2 (n = 36) Section 15% 11% 66% 8% Heads (n = 94) 11 63 8 14 Departmental 10% 72% 2% 16% Heads (n = 288) 29 207 6 46 Sales Executives 6% 74% 20% (n = 1440) 86 1066 288 Forecasted Supply 16 41 92 301 1072 353 Figures in circles show the transition percentages Human Resource Planning 15. Supply Forecasting Skills inventory: It is a summary of the skills and abilities of non managerial employees used in forecasting supply. Human Resource Planning 16. Skills inventory: an example Name : A. K. Sen Date printed : 1-4-2004 Number : 429 Department : 41 Key words Work experience Word Description Activity From To Accounting Tax Supervision 1998 2000 T clerk ax ABC Company and analysis Book Keeping Ledger Supervision 2000 2002 Accountant XYZ Co. Auditing Computer Analysis 2002 2003 Chief Accounts TT Bank records Officer Education Special Qualifications M em be rsh ips Degree Major Year Course Date 1. AIMA MBA Finance 1998 DBF 1996 2. ISTD B. Com Accounts 1995 Risk Management 1999 3. ICA Computer Languages Position Location Hobbies Literacy preference choice ? Tally French Accounting Kolkata Chess ? Banking Auditing Delhi Football Software Bangalore Boating Employees Signature __________ HR Department________ Date _______________________ Date ________________ Human Resource Planning 17. Supply Forecasting Replacement chart: It is a visual representation of who will replace whom in the event of a job opening. Human Resource Planning 18. Replacement chart General Manager Key V. K. Garg Names given are replacement A/2 candidates P A to A. Promotable now General Manager B. Needing development L. Mathews C. Not suitable to position B/1 1. Superior performance 2. Above Average performance Assistant General Manager 3. Acceptable performance R. K. Arora A/2 4. Poor performance B. K. Nehru B/3 Division: Division: Division: Accounting & Planning Manager Technical Advisor HR Manager Taxation Manager A. N. Gupta A/1 N. R. Murthy B/3 C. P Thakur . A/1 A. T Roy . C/2 K. P Rao . B/1 Northern Region Central Region Southern Region Manager Eastern Region Manager Manager A. Subramanyam B/2 Manager L. C. Srivatsav A/2 S. P Kumar A/1 . B. K. Menon B/1 R. Krishna B/3 A. Thapar C/4 R. Pandey B/3 Human Resource Planning 19. Supply Forecasting B) External Labour supply: External hires need to be contacted when suitable internal replacements are not available. A growing number of firms are now using computerised human resource information systems to track the qualifications of hundreds or thousands of employees. HRIS can provide managers with a listing of candidates with required qualifications after scanning the data base. Human Resource Planning 20. Important barometers of labour supply 1. Net migration into and out of the area 2. Education levels of workforce 3. Demographic changes in population 4. Technological developments and shifts 5. Population Mobility 6. Demand for specific skills 7. National, regional unemployment rates 8. Actions of competing employers 9. Government policies, regulations, pressures 10. Economic Forecasts for the next few years 11. The attractiveness of an area 12. The attractiveness of an industry in a particular place Human Resource Planning 21. Manpower Gap Analysis This is used to reconcile the forecasts of labour demand and supply. This process identifies potential skill shortages or surpluses of employees, skills and jobs Estimating manpower requirements Year 1 2 3 1. Number required at the beginning of the year 2. Changes to requirements forecast during the year DEMAND 3. Total requirements at the end of the year (1+2) ——- —— 4. Number available at the beginning of the year 5. Additions (transfers, promotions) SUPPLY 6. Separations (retirement, wastage, promotions out and other losses) 7. Total available at the end of year (4+5+6) ——————– 8. Deficit or surplus (3-7) RECONCILIA TION 9. Losses of those recruited during the year OF THE ABOVE 10. Additional numbers needed during the year (8+9) MANPOWER NEEDED Human Resource Planning 22. Formulating HR Plans Once supply and demand for labour is known adjustments can be made formulating requisite HR plans A variety of HR plans ? Recruitment plan ? Redeployment plan ? Redundancy plan ? Training plan ? Productivity plan ? Retention plan Human Resource Planning 23. Responsibility For Human Resource Planning HRP is a top management job. HR plans are usually made by the HR division in consultation with other corporate heads. Any deviations from the formulated plans and their causes must be looked into, from time to time in order to assess whether the plans require revision or modification. Human Resource Planning 24. Limitations Of Human Resource Planning HR professionals are basically confronted with three problems while preparing and administering HR plans: accuracy, inadequate top management support, lopsided focus on quantitative aspects. Human Resource Planning 25. Effective Human Resource Planning HR plans must fit in with overall objectives of a firm. They must get consistent support from top management. Computerised human resource information systems must be used for applicant tracking, succession planning, building skills inventories etc. The whole exercise must be carried out in coordination with operating managers. Human Resource Planning 26. 4-1 JOB ANALYSIS 27. INTRODUCTION Job analysis is the process of gathering information about a job. It is, to be more specific, a systematic investigation of the tasks, duties and responsibilities necessary to do a job. Job Analysis 28. Nature of job analysis Job Tasks Job Analysis Job Duties Job Responsibilities Job Analysis 29. -4 Partial job analysis questionnaire The information about a job is usually collected through a structured questionnaire: JOB ANALYSIS INFORMATION FORMAT Your Job Title_______________ Code__________Date_____________ Class Title_______________ Department_____________________ Your Name_________________ Facility___________________________ Superior’s Title______________ Prepared by_______________________ Superio r’s Name____________ Hours Worked______AM______to AM____ PM PM 1. What is the general purpose of your job? 2. What was your last job? If it was in another organisation, please name it. 3. To what job would you normally expect to be promoted? Cont†¦ Job Analysis 30. Partial job analysis questionnaire 4. If you regularly supervise others, list them by name and job title. 5. If you supervise others, please check those activities that are part of your supervisory duties: ? Hiring ? Coaching ? Promoting ? Orienting ? Counselling ? Compensating ? Training ? Budgeting ? Disciplining ? Scheduling ? Directing ? Terminating ? Developing ? Measuring Performances ? Other____________ 6. How would you describe the successful completion and results of your work? 7. Job Duties – Please briefly describe WHAT you do and, if possible, How you do it. Indicate those duties you consider to be most important and/or most difficult: Cont†¦ Job Analysis 31. Partial job analysis questionnaire (a) Daily Duties (b) Periodic Duties (Please indicate whether weekly, monthly, quarterly, etc. ) (c) Duties Performed at Irregular Intervals 8. Education – Please check the blank that indicates the educational requirements for the job, not your own educational background. No formal education required ? College degree ? Less than high school diploma ? Education beyond graduate ? High school diploma or equivalent degree and/or professional license. ? College certificate or equivalent List advanced degrees or specified professional license or certificate required. Please indicate the education you had when you were placed on this job. Job Analysis 32. Benefits of Job analysis Job analysis information is useful for a variety of organisation purposes ranging from human resource planning to career counselling Job Analysis 33. Important benefits of Job Analysis Multifaceted Nature of Job Analysis Recruitment Human Resource Planning Selection Job Evaluation Placement Job Design and Training Redesign Performance Counselling Appraisal Employee Safety Job Analysis 34. Who should conduct job analysis? ? Job incumbents themselves ? Supervisors ? External analysts Job Analysis 35. The process of Job analysis The major steps involved in job analysis are: ? Organisational analysis ? Selection of representative positions to be analysed ? Collection of job analysis data ? Preparation of job description ? Preparation of job specification Job Analysis 36. The Competency Approach to Job Analysis This approach encourages employees to develop role based competencies (knowledge, skills and abilities needed to play diverse roles ) that may be used in diverse work situations, instead of being boxed into a job. Job Analysis 37. Methods Of Collecting Job Analysis Data Seven general techniques are generally used to collect job analysis data; ? Job performance: the analyst actually performs the job in question and collects the needed information ? Personal observation: the analyst observes others doing the job and writes a summary ? Critical incidents: job incumbents describe several incidents relating to work, based on past experience; the analyst collects, analyses and classifies data. ? Interview: job incumbents and supervisors are interviewed to get the most essential information about a job Job Analysis 38. Methods Of Collecting Job Analysis Data ? Panel of experts: experienced people such as job incumbents and supervisors with good knowledge of the job asked to provide the information. ? Diary method: job incumbents asked to maintain diaries or logs of their daily job activities and record the time spent and nature of work carried out. Questionnaire method: job incumbents approached through a properly designed questionnaire and asked to provide details. ? The Position Analysis Questionnaire: it is a standardised form used to collect specific information about job tasks and worker traits. Job Analysis 39. Methods Of Collecting Job Analysis Data ? Management Position Description Questionnaire: it is a standa rdised form designed to analyse managerial jobs Management Position Description Factors 1. Product, marketing and financial strategy planning. 2. Coordination of other organisational units and personnel. . Internal business control. 4. Products and services responsibility. 5. Public and customer relations. 6. Advanced consulting. 7. Autonomy of actions. 8. Approval of financial commitments. 9. Staff service. 10. Supervision. 11. Complexity and stress. 12. Advanced financial responsibility. 13. Broad personnel responsibility. Job Analysis 40. Methods Of Collecting Job Analysis Data ? Functional job analysis: it is a systematic process of finding what is done on a job by examining and analysing the fundamental components of data, people and things. Job Analysis 41. Behavioural Factors Impacting Job Analysis The following behavioural factors must be taken care of while carrying out a job analysis: ? Exaggerate the facts ? Employee anxieties ? Resistance to change ? Overemphasis on current efforts ? Management straight jacket Job Analysis 42. Job Description And Job Specification The end products of job analysis are: Job description: this is a written statement of what the job holder does, how it is done, under what conditions it is done and why it is done. Job Analysis 43. Specimen of Job Description Title Compensation manager Code HR/2310 Department Human Resource Department Summary Responsible for the design and administration of employee compensation programmes. Duties ? Conduct job analysis. ? Prepare job descriptions for current and projected positions. ? Evaluate job descriptions and act as Chairman of Job Evaluation Committee. ? Insure that company’s compensation rates are in tune with the company’s philosophy. Cont†¦ Job Analysis 44. Specimen of Job Description ? Relate salary to the performance of each employee. Conduct periodic salary surveys. Develop and administer performance appraisal programme. ? Develop and oversee bonus and other employee benefit plans. ? Develop an integrated HR information system. Working conditions Normal. Eight hours per day. Five days a week. Report to Director, Human Resource Department. Job specification: it offers a profile of human characteristics (knowledge, skills and abilities) needed by a person doing a job. Job Analysis 45. Specimen of job specification Education ? MBA with specialisation in HRM/MA in social work/PG Diploma in HRM/MA in industrial psychology. ? A degree or diploma in Labour Laws is desirable. Experience ? At least 3 years’ experience in a similar position in a large manufacturing company. Skill, Knowledge, Abilities ? Knowledge of compensation practices in competing industries, of job analysis procedures, of compensation survey techniques, of performance appraisal systems. ? Skill in writing job descriptions, in conducting job analysis interviews, in making group presentations, in performing statistical computations ? Ability to conduct meetings, to plan and prioritise work. Work Orientation Factors ? The position may require upto 15 per cent travel. Age ? Preferably below 30 years. Job Analysis 46. Role Analysis To have a clear picture about what a person actually does on a job, the job analysis information must be supplemented with role analysis. Role analysis involves the following steps: ? Identifying the objectives of the department and the functions to be carried out therein ? Role incumbent asked to state his key performance areas and his understanding of the roles to be played by him ? Other role partners of the job such as boss, subordinate, peers are asked to state their expectations from the role incumbent ? The incumbent's role is clarified and expressed in writing after integrating the diverse viewpoints expressed by various role partners. Job Analysis + dasaritapaswi, 3 months ago Embed . without related content for WordPress. com 1055 views more its use full to students of management Related Presentations An Analysis Of Fm Radio Advertising Rates In The Arab World TOC . Human Resource Planning – Concept And Need. Factors Affe†¦ 17487 views Hrp 2453 views Job Search Tips For New Grads For Slide Share . 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I Am A M The Civil Rights Movement - 975 Words

Title â€Å"I am a man†. â€Å"I am a woman†. â€Å"Equal rights for all†. When our founding fathers developed this country, they wanted equal rights for all, but they did not mean all. What about the suppressed Africans, who were forcibly torn from their mother country and country men? Even after they were no longer slaves, it wasn’t until the Civil Rights Movement that things started to change. Still considered 3/5 of a man, as once was wrote in the constitution, African Americans were still being denied the right to vote, or for jobs, while still experiencing segregation and discrimination. Today, although, racism has improved, the protest in Ferguson has shown we still have a long way to go. Civil right movement background info During the civil rights movement African Americans, particularly the younger generation fought against white supremacy. The older generation in comparison have been â€Å"so completely drained of self-respect and a sense of â€Å"somebodyness† that they have adjusted to segregation† (Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.). Many African Americans were discriminated against but to fight against it could ruin they’re way of life, they found â€Å"†¦their state intolerable, but are too heavily oppressed to change it, they are simply pawns in the hands of larger powers† (James Baldwin, 90). Many people during the Civil Rights movement were arrested, harassed or much worse. The younger generation could present they’re â€Å"†¦very bodies as a means of laying our case before the conscience of theShow MoreRelatedCivil Liberties And Civil Rights1083 Words   |  5 Pages2017 1 Civil Liberties vs. Civil Rights 2 Civil Liberties are basic rights and freedoms that we are guaranteed by the government. You can find them in the Bill of Rights and in the Constitution. 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